(5) Recent advances in nutritional metabolomics have led to the identification of numerous candidate FIBs linked to the ingestion of a food, food group, or a dietary pattern. Depending on their specificity, FIBs can be single compounds or a multimarker panel consisting of a combination of different compounds. To address these limitations, food intake biomarkers (FIBs) have emerged as a more objective measure of dietary intake. (3,4) Additionally, to capture the increasing diversity and complexity of modern diets, self-report methods require extensive food lists, which is burdensome for both participants and researchers. Such measurement errors can reduce study power and miss detecting potential associations and may also lead to spurious findings. (1,2) As such, they are prone to multiple sources of measurement errors such as underreporting, inaccurate portion size estimation, and imprecision of food composition databases. To date, many epidemiological studies still predominantly rely on self-reported dietary assessment methods, such as food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and 24 h food recalls, which heavily depend on the memory and dedication of the participants. Further evaluation is warranted to confirm their relationships with cardiometabolic disease risk.Īccurate dietary assessment is crucial for detecting potential associations between diet and health. ![]() Associations between these identified metabolites with cardiometabolic parameters were weak and inconclusive. ![]() In addition, several fermentation-dependent metabolites were identified (erythritol and citramalate). While some of these metabolites appeared to originate from raw food ( e.g., niacin and trigonelline for coffee), others overlapped different fermented foods ( e.g., 4-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid for both wine and beer). In total, 37 metabolites were identified corresponding to the intakes of coffee, wine, and beer (none were identified for cocoa, bread, cheese, or yoghurt intake). Furthermore, associations between identified metabolites and several cardiometabolic risk factors were explored. ![]() We aimed to identify novel FIBs for fermented foods in the plasma and urine metabolomes of 246 free-living Dutch adults using nontargeted LC–MS and GC–MS. Identification of food intake biomarkers (FIBs) for fermented foods could help improve their dietary assessment and clarify their associations with cardiometabolic health.
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